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21.
铃木博之 《常熟理工学院学报》2022,36(1):54-60
本文以云南迪庆香格里拉藏语为例,讨论如何利用地理语言学的方法来了解语音演变的过程和地理分布之间的关系。地理语言学的研究对象大多以词形为主,针对语音演变的地理语言学研究由于音变的自律性而不适用于演变过程的分析。本文指出,在某一个具有历史资料背景的小范围内,我们可以使用地理语言学的方法对语音演变的地理分布进行分析及解释。 相似文献
22.
Shinya Sano Yasuo Ikegami Hiroyuki Nunome Tommy Apriantono Shinji Sakurai 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(4):381-391
Abstract A new method was established for the continuous measurement of force applied from a springboard to a gymnast in vaulting (board reaction force). Male gymnasts performed a handspring vault using a springboard mounted on force platforms. A high-speed video camera sampled the springboard motion at 500 Hz. The springboard was initially partitioned into 29 segments. The force due to the accelerative motion of the springboard was determined by summing the forces of the individual segments. The board reaction force acting on the gymnast was calculated by subtracting the force due to the accelerative motion of the springboard and weight from the force recorded by the force platform. The new method succeeded in illustrating transient changes of the board reaction force. The horizontal and vertical components of the peak values of the board reaction force were three and two times greater respectively than the average values. A series of tests was conducted to determine whether the number of segments of the springboard model could be reduced without affecting accuracy. A model consisting of only four segments produced almost the same accuracy as the 29-segment model. The simplified model is recommended as a more efficient method to measure board reaction force. 相似文献
23.
Koichiro Inoue Hiroyuki Nunome Thorsten Sterzing Hironari Shinkai Yasuo Ikegami 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):1023-1032
AbstractWe aimed to illustrate support leg dynamics during instep kicking to evaluate the role of the support leg action in performance. Twelve male soccer players performed maximal instep kicks. Their motions and ground reaction forces were recorded by a motion capture system and a force platform. Moments and angular velocities of the support leg and pelvis were computed using inverse dynamics. In most joints of the support leg, the moments were not associated with or counteracting the joint motions except for the knee joint. It can be interpreted that the initial knee flexion motion counteracting the extension joint moment has a role to attenuate the shock of landing and the following knee extension motion associated with the extension joint moment indirectly contributes to accelerate the swing of kicking leg. Also, appreciable horizontal rotation of the pelvis coincided with increase of the interaction moment due to the hip joint reaction force on the support leg side. It can be assumed that the interaction moment was the main factor causing the pelvis counter-clockwise rotation within the horizontal plane from the overhead view that precedes a proximal-to-distal sequence of segmental action of the swing leg. 相似文献
24.
Kohei Watanabe Hiroyuki Nunome Koichiro Inoue Takahiro Iga Hiroshi Akima 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2020,19(3):295-306
ABSTRACTA possible link between soccer-specific injuries, such as groin pain and the action of hip adductor muscles has been suggested. This study aimed to investigate neuromuscular activation of the adductor magnus (AM) and longus (AL) muscles during instep and side-foot soccer kicks. Eight university soccer players performed the two types of kick at 50%, 75% and 100% of the maximal ball speed. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the AM, AL, vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles of both kicking and supporting legs and the kicking motions were three-dimensionally captured. In the kicking leg, an increase in surface EMG with an increase in ball speed during instep kicking was noted in the AM muscle (p < 0.016), but not in AL, VL or BF muscles (p > 0.016). In the supporting leg, surface EMG of both AM and AL muscles was significantly increased with an increase in the ball speed before ball impact during both instep and side-foot kicks (p < 0.016). These results suggest that hip adductor muscles markedly contribute to either the kicking or supporting leg to emphasise the action of soccer kicks. 相似文献
25.
Hiroyuki Hattori 《Prospects》2009,39(2):185-199
Since 2001 the government of Cambodia has striven to advance policy-led education reform based on a sector-wide approach.
This paper critically reviews the status and progress of Cambodia’s education reform from the perspective of the aid’s effectiveness.
The paper looks at the performance of the sector reform in the three priority areas highlighted in the Accra Agenda of Action
on Aid Effectiveness: (a) strengthening country ownership; (b) building more effective and inclusive partnership; and (c)
delivering and accounting for development results. The study finds that while substantial progress was made in the development
of essential components of an effective sector programme, further consolidation and refinements are necessary in several priority
areas in order to bring about tangible improvements in education outcomes. The study provides concrete policy recommendations
to further enhance the effectiveness of aid to Cambodia’s education sector. 相似文献
26.
Hiroyuki Odagiri 《Research Policy》1985,14(3):117-130
The contribution of R & D expenditures to the productivity increase in Japanese manufacturing industries is investigated. With a popular single-equation approach, this contribution was found to be not only significant in all of the three periods, (1960–1966, 1966–1973 and 1973–1977), but also to exceed that estimated for the United States. However, when a simulataneous-equations approach was used to allow for an interaction between the learning effect (output growth enhancing productivity increase through the accumulation of experience) and the price effect (productivity increase stimulating output growth through a declining price), the results suggested not only the importance of these two effects but also the over-evaluation of the contribution of R & D in the usual ordinary least-squares estimation. 相似文献
27.
This paper purports to study the contribution of R&D at home and abroad to the firm’s inventive activity, using a sample of 137 Japanese multinationals. The empirical analysis relates the number of inventions in Japan and that in the US, as measured by the number of patents issued by the USPTO, to the parent’s R&D, the US subsidiaries’ R&D, the presence of R&D in Europe, the firm’s experience in the US, entry mode, and industry dummies. In addition, to study the subsidiary’s role in sourcing local technological knowledge, we construct indices of local technological strength of the state in which the subsidiary is located. The results, most importantly, indicate that these indices positively contribute to inventions at home and in the US among Type R firms, whose R&D subsidiaries mainly aim to research, suggesting that knowledge sourcing is an important function of these subsidiaries and locational choice is important for this purpose. These results do not hold among Type S firms, whose R&D subsidiaries mainly aim to support local manufacturing and sales activities. 相似文献
28.
Imai M Li L Haryu E Okada H Hirsh-Pasek K Golinkoff RM Shigematsu J 《Child development》2008,79(4):979-1000
When can children speaking Japanese, English, or Chinese map and extend novel nouns and verbs? Across 6 studies, 3‐ and 5‐year‐old children in all 3 languages map and extend novel nouns more readily than novel verbs. This finding prevails even in languages like Chinese and Japanese that are assumed to be verb‐friendly languages (e.g., T. Tardif, 1996 ). The results also suggest that the input language uniquely shapes verb learning such that English‐speaking children require grammatical support to learn verbs, whereas Chinese children require pragmatic as well as grammatical support. This research bears on how universally shared cognitive factors and language‐specific linguistic factors interact in lexical development. 相似文献
29.
Hiroyuki Numata 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2003,49(1-2):241-264
The discovery of the proper value of childhood during the 18th century in Europe was an important break-through. People began to respect childhood as a sacred world that should not be judged from the standpoint of adults. However, in today' world many children are subjected to all kinds of physical and mental pain, including the so-called examination hell in some Asian countries. Children now live in a paradoxical situation. Theoretically they have obtained the right to enjoy their own world, approved and protected by adults, but in practice they cannot adapt themselves smoothly to the world mainly ruled by the logic of grown-ups. This paper argues that it is time to re-evaluate what has been lost under the slogan of modernisation. The solution is not simply to return to the pre-modern situation but rather to consider what elements from the past could be re-activated to the benefit of children today. 相似文献
30.
Understanding the biological feeding strategy and characteristics of a microorganism as an actuator requires the detailed and quantitative measurement of flow velocity and flow rate induced by the microorganism. Although some velocimetry methods have been applied to examine the flow, the measured dimensions were limited to at most two-dimensional two-component measurements. Here we have developed a method to measure three-dimensional two-component flow velocity fields generated by the microorganism Vorticella picta using a piezoscanner and a confocal microscope. We obtained the two-component velocities of the flow field in a two-dimensional plane denoted as the XY plane, with an observation area of 455×341 μm2 and the resolution of 9.09 μm per each velocity vector by a confocal microparticle image velocimetry technique. The measurement of the flow field at each height took 37.5 ms, and it was repeated in 16 planes with a 2.50 μm separation in the Z direction. We reconstructed the three-dimensional two-component flow velocity field. From the reconstructed data, the flow velocity field [u(x,y,z),v(x,y,z)] in an arbitrary plane can be visualized. The flow rates through YZ and ZX planes were also calculated. During feeding, we examined a suction flow to the mouth of the Vorticella picta and measured it to be to 300 pl∕s. 相似文献